Nephrotic Syndrome



Nephrotic Syndrome

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome causes scarring or damage to the filtering part of the kidneys (glomeruli). This causes too much protein to be lost from the blood into the urine.
People with nephrotic syndrome often have:
·         Very high levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria)
·         Low levels of protein in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
·         Swelling (edema), especially around the eyes, feet, and hands
·         High cholesterol

What causes nephrotic syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli. These are the tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine.
Your glomeruli keep protein in the body. When they are damaged, protein leaks into the urine. Healthy kidneys allow less than 1 gram of protein to spill into the urine in a day. In nephrotic syndrome, the glomeruli let 3 grams or more of protein to leak into the urine during a 24-hour period. 
Nephrotic syndrome may occur with other health problems, such as kidney disease caused by diabetes and immune disorders. It can also develop after damage from viral infections.
The cause ofnephrotic syndrome is not always known. 

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome is a set of symptoms. These are the most common:

·         High blood pressure
·         Swelling in the feet and hands, and around the eyes
·         Weight gain with fluid retention and swelling
·         Signs of infection such as fever, or an elevated white blood cell count
·         Swelling and pain related to blood clots as the blood becomes thickened
·         Urine that appears foamy from protein loss from the body into voided urine
The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome may look like other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your health care provider for a diagnosis.

How is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed?

Your doctor will review medical history and do a physical exam. Other tests may include:
·         Blood pressure checks
·         Measurement of your cholesterol levels
·         Measurement of protein levels in your urine and in the blood
·         Kidney biopsy (exam of a sample of kidney tissue)

What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

Your health care provider will figure out the best treatment based on:
·         How old you are
·         Your overall health and medical history
·         How sick you are
·         How well you can handle specific medications, procedures, or therapies
·         How long the condition is expected to last
·         Your opinion or preference
Your doctor will try to find the underlying cause. He or she will also attempt to control blood pressure and cholesterol, and reduce protein in the urine.
Medicines can include: 
·         ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These lower blood pressure and may be used in people with diabetes to protect the kidneys.
·         Corticosteroids. These may be prescribed to reduce swelling and inflammation within the glomerulus. They also help prevent your immune system from attacking healthy tissue.
·         Diuretics. These are cautiously used to decrease the amount of swelling.
·         Immune system modifying medicines. These medicines are used to keep your immune system from attacking the glomerulus.
·         Cholesterol-lowering medications. These may be prescribed if your triglyceride and cholesterol levels are high.
·         Anticoagulants. These are blood thinning medicines and may be prescribed if blood clots develop.
·         Antibiotics or antiviral medicines. These are used to treat the underlying infectious cause.
Diet. A special diet can help delay the need for dialysis and to get rid of extra fluid and toxins that build up. Avoid salt to prevent more swelling. Avoid fats and cholesterol. Be sure to eat lean protein.
Dialysis is used in extreme cases to remove fluid and toxins when your kidneys have severely impaired filtering. 

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?

Serious complications of nephrotic syndrome include kidney failure or end stage renal disease (ESRD). This requires short-term or long-term dialysis. Blood clots and infection are other complications. These occur due to the loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria).

Can nephrotic syndrome be prevented?

Not all causes of nephrotic syndrome can be prevented. To prevent damage to the glomeruli:
·         Make sure your blood pressure is well controlled.
·         If you have diabetes, make sure your blood sugar is controlled.
·         Keep up-to-date with vaccinations that help to prevent common infections. This is especially true if you work or live around people who have hepatitis and other viral infections.

·         Finish all antibiotics as prescribed. Do not stop your antibiotics because you may be feeling better. And, don’t save them for a later date.

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