Examination of urine

Examination of urine

 Routine examination of urine:

[A]Physical examination:

a)      Amount:Normal urine output 800-2500 ml/day.

b)     Odour: Normally pungent.

c)      Color:Normally straw color due to urochrome urobilinogen.

d)     Appearance: Normal urine is clear & Transparent.

e)      Specific gravity:1.010-1.020

f)       Presence of sediment.

[B]Chemical examination:

a)      pH:Normally urine is acidic.pH:4.8-8.Test-Litmus paper test.

b)     Protien (Mainly albumin):Boiling/Heat coagulation test.

c)      Sugar:Benedict test.

d)     Ketone bodies: Rothera’s test.

e)      Bile satl: Hay’s surface tension test.

f)       Blood: Orthotolidin test.

g)      Porphyrins.

[C]Microscopic examination:

A.Organized deposits:

a)      Cells: RBS,Pus cell,Epithelial cell.

b)     Casts:Granular,Hyaline,Fatty cast,Bill cast,Hb cast,Waxy cast.

c)      Bacteria.

d)     Mucous,animal parasites,Spermatozoa.

B.Unorganized deposits:Crystals & amorphous chemicals.