Athletes in all contact sports
have many opportunities to get a muscle contusion (bruise). Contusions are
second only to strains as a leading cause of sports injuries.
Most contusions are minor and heal
quickly, without taking the athlete away from the game. But, severe contusions
can cause deep tissue damage and can lead to complications that may keep the
athlete out of sports for months.
A bruise (layman's term), also called a contusion (medical term), is a type of hematoma of tissue in
which capillaries and sometimes venules are
damaged by trauma, allowing blood to
seep, hemorrhage,
or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Not blanching on pressure, bruises can
involve capillaries at the level of skin,subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone.
Contusions
occur when a direct blow or repeated blows from a blunt object strike part of
the body, crushing underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without
breaking the skin. A contusion can result from falling or jamming the body
against a hard surface.
Contusions cause swelling and pain, and limit
joint range of motion near the injury. Torn blood vessels may cause bluish
discoloration. The injured muscle may feel weak and stiff.
Sometimes a pool of blood collects within
damaged tissue, forming a lump over the injury (hematoma).
In severe cases, swelling and bleeding beneath
the skin may cause shock. If tissue damage is extensive, you may also have a
broken bone, dislocated joint, sprain, torn muscle, or other injuries.
Contusions to the abdomen may damage internal
organs.
Treatment
To
control pain, bleeding, and inflammation, keep the muscle in a gentle stretch
position and use the RICE formula:
- Rest. Protect
the injured area from further harm by stopping play. You may also use a
protective device (i.e., crutches, sling).
- Ice. Apply
ice wrapped in a clean cloth. (Remove ice after 20 minutes.)
- Compression. Lightly
wrap the injured area in a soft bandage or ace wrap.
- Elevation. Raise
it to a level above the heart.
Most
athletes with contusions get better quickly with simple treatment measures.
Your doctor may give you nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen, or other medications for pain relief. Do not massage the injured
area.
During
the first 24 to 48 hours after injury (acute phase), you will probably need to
continue using rest, ice, compression bandages, and elevation of the injured
area to control bleeding, swelling, and pain. While the injured part heals, be
sure to keep exercising the uninjured parts of your body to maintain your
overall level of fitness.
If there
is a large hematoma that does not go away within several days, your doctor may
drain it surgically to speed healing.
Reference
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